Last year I read John Carreyrou's investigative nonfiction book Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup. One theme that Carreyrou returns to numerous times is the fact that Elizabeth Holmes' medical tech startup Theranos consistently made bold proclamations -- to investors, employees, board members, and clients -- about its core product's capabilities that were wildly optimistic, with the hopes that eventually reality would catch up to the marketing hype. In one of many such passages, Carreyrou paraphrases a Theranos employee's thoughts: "This was not a finished product and no one should be under the impression that it was."